Difference Between Recession and Depression

Contrast Between Recession and Depression There is an old joke among financial specialists that expresses: A downturn is the point at which your neighbor loses his employment. A downturn is the point at which you lose your employment. The contrast between the two terms isn't very surely known for one basic explanation: There is anything but a generally settled upon definition. In the event that you request that 100 distinct financial specialists characterize the terms downturn and sadness, you would find at any rate 100 unique solutions. All things considered, the accompanying conversation sums up the two terms and clarifies the contrasts between them such that practically all business analysts could concur with. The Newspaper Definition of Recession The standard paper meaning of a downturn is a decrease in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for at least two sequential quarters. This definition is disliked with most financial analysts for two principle reasons. In the first place, this definition doesn't mull over changes in different factors. For instance, this definition disregards any adjustments in the joblessness rate or purchaser certainty. Second, by utilizing quarterly information this definition makes it hard to pinpoint when a downturn starts or finishes. This implies a downturn that endures ten months or less may go undetected. The BCDC Definition of Recession The Business Cycle Dating Committee at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) gives a superior method to see whether there is a downturn is occurring. This board decides the measure of business action in the economy by seeing things like work, mechanical creation, genuine salary and discount retail deals. They characterize a downturn as when business movement has arrived at its pinnacle and begins to fall until when business action bottoms out. At the point when the business movement begins to rise again it is called an expansionary period. By this definition, the normal downturn keeps going about a year. Wretchedness Before the Great Depression of theâ 1930s,â any downturn inâ economicâ activity was alluded to as a downturn. The term downturn was created in this period to separate periods like the 1930s from littler monetary decreases that happened in 1910 and 1913. This prompts the straightforward meaning of a downturn as a downturn that keeps going longer and has a bigger decrease in business action. The Difference Between Recession and Depression So how might we differentiate between a downturn and a downturn? A decent dependable guideline for deciding the distinction between a downturn and a downturn is to take a gander at the adjustments in GNP. A downturn is any financial downturn where genuine GDP decays by in excess of 10 percent. A downturn is anâ economic downturnâ that is less extreme. By this measuring stick, the last despondency in the United States was from May 1937 to June 1938, where genuine GDP declined by 18.2 percent. In the event that we utilize this technique, at that point the Great Depressionâ of the 1930s can be viewed as two separate occasions: a fantastically extreme sadness enduring from August 1929 to March 1933 where genuine GDP declined by just about 33 percent, a time of recuperation, at that point another less serious misery of 1937-38. The United States hasn’t had anything really near a downturn in the post-war period. The most exceedingly terrible downturn over the most recent 60 years was from November 1973 to March 1975, where genuine GDP fell by 4.9 percent. Nations, for example, Finland and Indonesia have endured sorrows in late memory utilizing this definition.

Troy Movie Notes

Troy= the movie(post old style delineation) * Troy is the most remarkable union against the Greeks * Agamemnon needs ‘the world’ all the land * Achilles has vanished from the military. A kid goes to discover him, * Achilles mother is goddess as can’t be killed (Contemp) * Nester persueds Achilles to battle the large person as a result of Time. He can’t remain to lose his pride * Achilles, child of Paris * Achilles slaughters the large person with one wound * There is an immense gala , tossed by Agamemnon and Helen, to toast harmony, among troy and Sparta * Helen and Paris are darlings behind Menelaus’s back.Hektor goes to perceive what they are doing. * Helen is reluctant to wear the neckband since she is worried about the possibility that that she will be gotten and Paris will be murdered or delivered away. Before she met him, she was a phantom. * Agamemnon orders all the Greek powers to battle. * Hektor cautions paris not to imperil Troy * Paris hi jacked Helen. Hektor is vexed. He discusses his father’s love (Paris and Helen were at that point in affection with one another, the Gods didn’t offer Helen to Paris) * Menelaus needs to slaughter Helen. â€Å"The Trojans spat in my eye† * He requests that Agamemnon do battle with him. He said yes. Menelaus is irate and calls to cruise after the Trojans * â€Å"If troy falls, I control everything†-Agamemnon. They need Achilles * Nestor said that â€Å"you don’t need to control him, you have to discharge him. † About Achilles * Achilles resembles an unmistakable advantage to the Trojans * Odysseus is in Greece. Agamemnon needs to ask him something. There is a distinction to the PCD about how Odysseus is associated with the war * Achilles and Patrokolas are cousins * Achilles doesn’t need to battle for Agamemnon. Odysseus needs him to battle for Greece * Achilles converses with his mom. She believes that he ought to fight.She needs his name to become TIME and KLEOS, in the event that he battles â€Å"Your brilliance strolls connected at the hip with your doom† * He goes to Troy with the Greeks * Paris and Helen get hitched in Troy. Hektor and Paris are welcomed by their dad, Priam in Troy * Hektors spouse is Andromache * Briseis is Paris and Hektors cousin * Hektor doesn’t need to see his nation fall as a result of his brother’s narrow-mindedness. * Priam has worked 30 years for harmony and he will at present battle numerous wars on the off chance that it implies that Paris can be glad. * â€Å"Everything is in the will and hands of the Gods† Priam * Helen-â€Å"Sparta was never my home† * Priam appeals to the Gods Hektor cares very much about family. Everybody is getting ready for war-the Trojans. Everybody offers contributions to the Gods * Hektor is incharge of the military * â€Å"honor the divine beings, love your lady and battle for your country† Hektor * . you reali ze what is past that sea shore. Eternality, take its yours,† Achilles * Give him such a large number of fights and the men will overlook who is the best. †-Agamemnon * They retreat back to the city and Achilles orders everybody to take from the Trojans sanctuary * He removes the leader of the sculpture of Apollo at the Trojans sanctuary. * Achilles sneaks inside the sanctuary, and the Trojans tail him yet they get ambushed.Their sanctuary is wrecked * Achilles battles for him respect, hector battles for his nation. â€Å"Why slaughter you now, ruler of Troy when there is nobody here to see you fall†-Achilles. He needs individuals to see it since killing a ruler will give him significant privilege, distinction and Time and Kleos * You talk about war as though it is a games, yet what number of spouses for you think will be tormented with the loss of their men†-hector * Agamemnon is concerned that the idea of intensity will get to Achilles head and everybody wi ll overlook that he is their pioneer * They seize Brisis and offer him to Achilles I need what all men need, I simply need more† Achilles * Everyone is introducing endowments to Agamemnon despite the fact that he didn’t battle. * Young men biting the dust and elderly people men talking. You know to keep out of the politics†-Odysseus * You came here on the grounds that you need your name to last the ages† Agamemnon * History recollects rulers not soldiers† Agamemnon * Agamemnon takes Brisis for his own. Achilles gets extremely irate * They need a war, we will give them a war. * The Trojans are buring on the fire in light of one young desire† * Paris and menlaus battle for Helen attempts to flee yet hektor discovers her. â€Å"Their spouses kicked the bucket in light of the fact that I’m here†-helen * This is about force not love†-hektor * Achilles crushes up his tent * I will remain until Agamemnon moans to have Achilles backâ € -Achilles * I reprimand you in vain, everything is in the hands of the Gods. †-Priam * The Trojans appear to be exceptionally out numbered * The understanding among Agamemnon and Achilles didn’t occur on the subsequent day like in the film, it occurred in the tenth year of the Iliad * The battle happens in book three of the Iliad â€Å"I see 50,000 men purchased here to battle for one man’s greed†-Hektor * I didn’t come here for your significant other, I came here for troy† Agamemnon â€Å"I came here for my honour† â€menelaus * In the Iliad, Paris was a man before Achilles was conceived on the grounds that he got Helen at Theitis and Priams Wedding-Achilles guardians. * There was a crow crowing before paris went to battle Menelaus * Because Paris didn’t battle, the Greeks assault the Trojans. Hektor murders MenelausHektor battles with Ajax. He requires a long time to pass on in light of the fact that he is god-like. This occurs in book 7 * Menelaus doesn’t pass on in the Iliad, neither does Ajax.Ajax advisory groups self destruction. Menelaus returns Helen to Sparta in the Iliad * Odysseus and Achilles appear to have a superior comprehension about the items of common sense of war not at all like Agamemnon * Odysseus warms Agamemnon about withdrawing. * The initial 8 books of the Iliad have been. * Agamemnon guarantees Menelaus that he will carry Troy to the ground * â€Å"Hetkor battles for his nation, Achilles battles for his pride† Agamemnon * The Greeks are going to consume Brisis, Achilles prize yet Achilles saves her. * Achilles builds up a defensive relationship with Brisis. â€Å"Gods begrudge us since we are mortal† Achilles * Brisis attempts to execute Achilles yet they wind up laying down with one another. On the off chance that she wasn’t willing she would have had cut him. * It wasn’t until book ? that Achilles got Brisis back. Brisis is the cousin of Hekor in the film and in the Iliad she isn’t eminence. * Achilles advises Odysseus to begin stacking the boat since they are returning home. * â€Å"the world appears to be easy to you, however when you are ruler, there are not very many decisions which are simple† â€Odysseus * â€Å"Sometimes you need to serve so as to lead†-Odysseus * Patricolus is extremely annoyed with Achilles. You deceive every one of these men just to see Agamemnon lose†-Particolus * The divine beings favor our calls. Presently the time has come to demolish a powerless army†-Priest * â€Å"Yesterday the Greeks disparaged us, we ought not restore the favour†-Hektor * Hektor feels that assaulting the Greeks is a mix-up * The Greeks are getting together their boats and returning * Brisis and Achilles have built up a caring relationship. She needs him to remain yet he is leaving. * The Trojans assault the Greeks with fire bolt s and they are gotten of gatekeeper. Around book 15-16. The Greeks assault back.They send down wads of straw and stick with burst into flames from the fire bolts. They cause loads of obliteration. They Greeks are dwarfed and zoned out. * Odysseus appears to be terrified and stressed. * Menelaus doesn’t bite the dust in the Iliad yet kicks the bucket in the film. Because of the relationship with Menelaus, Helen (in the film) is viewed as a Romeo and Juliet relationship because of the way that the crowd will comprehend this since Menelaus is depicted as insidious and awful * Time is not, at this point chivalrous. Giving the endowments to Agamemnon since he won the war isn't right since he didn’t battle and win the war. Patroclus professes to be Achilles and Hektor trusts him. He executes patroclus and everybody hushes up. They all since Achilles will be extremely furious at this. * Patroclus wore his reinforcement. Achilles didn’t realize that Patroclus battled for him. In the Iliad, Achilles instructed him to battle for him. * Hektor realizes that Achilles is going to come after him thus he advises his significant other to spare individuals. * Agamemnon â€Å"This kid has simply spare this war for us† about Patroclus’s passing * Achilles consents to battle again * All of Troy is abandoned Achilles goes to the doors of troy to discover Hektor * Hektor bids farewell to his family since he realizes that he has angred Achiiles. * Achilles cuts Hektor twice and afterward hauls his body around the château dividers which his family is troubled over. His dad breakdown. He hauls his body back to the greek camp. Briseis is troubled and cries. * â€Å"You lost your cousin and I had mine taken away† â€Briseis * Priam comes in the night, as a mystery. He kisses the hands of Achilles * â€Å"I have done what no other individual on earth has done before.I have kissed that hands of the man who murdered my child. † â€Priam * Book 24 * â€Å"You’ve taken ever ything from me, my oldest child, my beneficiary to my throne† â€Priam * He asks to have Hektor’s body returned, * â€Å"You are as yet my adversary in the first part of the day. †-Achilles â€Å"you are as yet my foe this evening yet even foes can show regard â€Å"-Priam * Achilles cried over Hektor’s body * Achilles wraps him up and returns him * â€Å"He is the best man I have ever fought†¦ We won't battle for 12 days for the funeral† Achilles * He additionally lets Briseis go with Priam. On the off chance that I hurt you, I didn’t intend to â€Å" * Achilles to Priam â€Å"you are a far superior lord than the one driving this army† * The memorial service process for Hektor starts. This is the finish of the Iliad. The chief proceeds with mind

Essay Topics About Dinosaurs - Find Your Essay Topics That Are Specific To Dinosaurs

Essay Topics About Dinosaurs - Find Your Essay Topics That Are Specific To DinosaursWhen you are writing a college essay, you want to make sure you pick essay topics that have something to do with you. The topic of the essay is the basis for how the essay is written. You want your essay to be written according to a theme options will allow you to write about various subjects. With this in mind, you should think about your own interests and talk about them when you are looking for essay topics about dinosaurs.You can also look at what your class instructors or guidance counselors are suggesting for essay topics. You will find that your instructors, who have been teaching for a while, may have a theme that they are going to cover with your class assignment. If this is the case then you will want to follow their lead. Or, if your guidance counselor is in charge of your essay project then he or she will be able to suggest a theme.Themes are great for making sure you research your essay t opics carefully. If you use the theme for your first essay assignment then you will be able to write your essay as if it is your own. You will want to avoid things that you know are a cliche or are done so often that they become an established part of the culture.One theme that can be used for essay topics about dinosaurs is what we call the middle ground. This is an area where you can show that you have opinions that are in the middle or even that you have some points that you like and some that you don't like. This way you can make sure you give your essay a sense of balance.If you want to write an essay topic about dinosaurs then you need to make sure that you research and include all of the facts that are available about these animals. Don't be afraid to go out on the Internet and spend time researching these topics and you will find there are hundreds of blogs that are devoted to these topics. You may even want to research your topic by searching online using keywords like dino saurs and ask a member of the public what they think.You can also use the Internet to look for classic essay topics about dinosaurs. These include topics such as, 'Is it possible for dinosaurs to exist today?' and 'What is the age of dinosaurs?'A college essay topic that is more in the way of what we would call an opinion is usually a form of speculation. There is no actual proof that dinosaurs existed or that they ever lived on earth. Because of this it is necessary to show that you are thinking logically and are not being driven by a personal desire to prove or disprove a theory.After you have researched and written your essay topics about dinosaurs, you will want to ask your guidance counselor if you can use the theme as the basis for your other essay topics. The guidance counselor will know what essay topics will work best for you and he or she will also know how to write an essay for you. With this in mind, you will be able to complete your project on time and your instructor w ill be happy that you included a topic about dinosaurs.

Marketing Analysis Marketing Products - 2834 Words

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Social Networking And Its Effects On Society - 988 Words

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The Criminal Justice And How They Have Evolved After...

In this paper, I will review what my initial thoughts on the criminal justice and how they have evolved after taking this class. When I first came into this class my original definition of justice was â€Å"everyone in society should be treated equally, fairly and with respect no matter what.† After going through this course and seeing different perspectives I feel that my definition has stayed the same. It covers a broad idea of how people should be treated but is specific enough for everyone to know what it could reference. I don’t believe an eye for an eye type of punishment is fair even though someone committed a crime like homicide it doesn’t give anyone the right to kill them for what they have done. This is why our country has a justice†¦show more content†¦Also in the way police treat different people and reacted to certain situation differently. People committing mala in se crimes (like rape and murder) are receiving less time than those who co mmit mala prohibit crime (drugs). 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This gulf betweenRead MoreGirls and Crime Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagessurvival skills. How do you keep those survival skills? Gangs, prostitution, abuse? To us juvenile delinquency is something that we look at it with disdain instead of taking the time to look into sociological issues, emotional issues and the reality that would give us a clearer view and still not make us feel or understand the conditions they live in, the pressures they go through or face everyday. For us to be able to make a non judgmental opinion is very difficult, perhaps many of us have been affectedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System For African Americans1874 Words   |  8 Pagesor so is the criminal justice system being against African Americans, but to be more specific is the criminal justice system being against African American males. The incarceration rate and the number of police brutality cases have been at all time high rises and the overall treatment African Americans receive fro m the criminal justice system. There have been numerous amounts of cases that have come to face dealing with African Americans and law enforcement. The types of cases that have caught theRead MoreThe Inequality Of The United States2537 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Inequality in the United States has prevailed on all levels, be it the justice and legal system, or the social class. This inequality is not only the basis of discrimination, but also encourages the increase in criminalization.† This report provides the understanding about income inequality in the United States, which shows the impact on the American conception of justice and the legal system. This book demonstrates about the divide by observing the connection among rising income inequalityRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : A Review Essay1980 Words   |  8 Pagesbook that discusses how legal practices and the American justice system are harming the African American community as a whole, and it argues that racism, though hidden, is still alive and well in our society because of these practices. In the book, Michelle Alexander, author and legal scholar, argues that legal policies against offenders have kept and continue to keep black men from becoming first class citizens, and she writes that by labeling them as â€Å"criminals,† the justice system and society inRead MoreAmerica s Post Racial Racism Essay2072 Words   |  9 Pagesnon-Germans and non-Eastern Europeans in subhuman ways with devastating result s. While America has done away with distinct, polarizing forms of racial propaganda in its seedy history of racial oppression, more subtle yet equally damaging forms of propaganda have taken its place. American media is complicit in continuing the ideology of race-based â€Å"goodness,† intelligence, criminality, and superiority, even though many experts say otherwise, in what they currently term as America’s post-racial era. DespiteRead MorePlease Also List Any Significant Or Meaningful Military1226 Words   |  5 PagesPlease also list any significant or meaningful military history from your family not already included in your application. My paternal grandfather was in the United States Army and deployed overseas during WWII. After several months into his deployment, he was shot in the neck and evacuated out of France and given an honorable discharge. My maternal grandfather was in the Italian Army and was captured by American soldiers during WWII. He became a prisoner of war and agreed to help the AmericanRead MoreThe White Male Juries By Tom Robinson1417 Words   |  6 PagesWithout question, Tom Robinson would be better off today. He would be able to vote. He would have access to all public accommodations. He could win a seat in Congress, be appointed to the Supreme Court, he could even be President. In fact, Tom Robinson could live a life completely unimaginable and unrecognizable to the characters in Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. No lynching’s. No all white male juries. No presumption of guilt based on skin color. No state-sanctioned discrimination.

Business Media Journal Operating Signifies

Question: Describe about the Business Media Journal for Operating Signifies. Answer: Analyse your media text, making relevant notes in the following sections: Identify some elements of the media text that are operating as signifiers, and identify what their signifieds are. In recent day, many incidental strategies happened in Australia in which Queenslands Theme Park Strategy is one of them. There are various elements of this accident which caused loss of life of many people. The accident took place on 26th Oct, 2016. Most of the Australians are living in a highly populated region in Australia. These elements include injury of workplace, road fatalities, poisoning and assault death. In todays life, these types of accidents we are seeing more and it is not good for the society. Now people are feared about these types of incidents because it causes very much in the society (Ma, Gao Scott, 2013) Media were more involved with the accident. There are two types of Media analysis such as quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis includes an analysis of situation of accident in Australia and event which is specialized in the financial market. It also maintains the difficult mathematics and statics modelling which means that how accident took place and what was the reason behind this. Quantitative media analysis measures the number of persons involved with the accident in Australia and constituents presented in a substance. Having found the result of media, it has been seen that four persons were killed in the accident which included two women and two men. Theme Park accident in Queensland is considered as a serious injuries and deaths. Four persons were included in the accident. The accident took place because of ignorance of the guests who were presented in the park. It also included national or international safety violation policy and rule. The main significance of the accident is unmanageable ride safety inspection in the theme park of Queensland in which four persons were killed in the accident. People have to be aware about this type of accident for next time because little ignorance of any person may cause the loss of life of an individual (Ding, 2013). Identify meanings that are denoted, and identify some possible connotations. It has identifies that media had founded overall strategy of this accident in Theme Park. The accident was occurred in one month ago in which two men and two women were killed. There was a media journal communication at the accident point which refers to an international approach of getting information as well as an open cross journal into worldwide. There was a positive connotation when the accident took place in Theme Park. It has found that the accident took place due to the loss of control of a ride on which they were riding in the park. Two victims were present at the accident point when Thunder River Rapids ride were uncontrollable and a noise were happened by people in the park. Media made a search of overall strategy as well as investigated well through media communication. There are different types of media communication by which they can measure the whole strategy which were happened in the park such as applied communication, education of communication, media of electronics , communication of environment, health communication, legal communication and mass media and much more. It follows the strategy of visual communication for a company. Organizational and political communication is must followed by media journal (Hundloe Page, 2015). There was also some negative denotation at the time of accident. Most of the people were injured in the accident and they have lost some essential needs because of the ignorance of the owner of ride. The Thunder River Rapids ride was moving very fast. For this, the accident held in dangerous manner. Immediately, Queenslands ambulance had come and took those injured people for taking them in the Hospital (Milner De Leo, 2012). At the level of myth, can a wider cultural message or theme be identified? The accident is a biggest example for people to be alert in that type of ride in any park in Australia. The society and culture are more involved in that type of ride. For this, it is necessary to take care of them with a culture media value in Queensland region as well as in whole Australia. The cultural value involves in the media journal which impacts on media communication. Media and culture are inter-related term which influences the strategy of a society. There are different types of communication in the media culture such as mass communication and inter personal communication. These communications of media affects the strategic performance of the culture in the society. A message may communicate to some mass audience through much means by which they can alert about the strategy in the country (Schivinski Dabrowski, 2016). There are various resources to know about the strategies which are happening in the country such as the association of press who collects and distributes news to the newspapers, television channel, radio and magazines (Burgess Gold, 2015). There are different media agencies which help to know about the accident which is happening in the country. The advertising department plays a merchandized role and relation with public department with the help of mass media communication. Mass media offers information and counsels the firm in regards of its client. It maintains the strategic performance and any certain event in the country (Wimmer Dominick, 2013). Additional Notes/Observations: In order to control this type of accident, the country needs to maintain the proper strategic performance across the country. International Association of Theme Park must have to control the management system of the park in the Queensland region of Australia. A trade association of the park may also have to take some legal steps through which this type of strategy may not come to the consideration again. From this accident one more thing has founded that the hospitality management is very necessary for us because at any time any incident may take place in the society. Now people are feared and alerted about these types of incidents because it may cause the life of an individual in the society. Reference list: Burgess, J., Gold, J. R. (Eds.). (2015). Geography, the media and popular culture. Routledge. Ma, J., Gao, J., Scott, N., Ding, P. (2013). Customer delight from theme park experiences: The antecedents of delight based on cognitive appraisal theory.Annals of Tourism Research,42, 359-381. Wimmer, R. D., Dominick, J. R. (2013). Mass media research. Cengage learning. Hundloe, T., Page, C. (2015). A brief history of discovery, settlement and development.The Gold Coast Transformed: From Wilderness to Urban Ecosystem, 41. Milner, A., De Leo, D. (2012). Riding and motor vehicle accident in Queensland.Traffic injury prevention,13(4), 342-347. Schivinski, B., Dabrowski, D. (2016). The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands.Journal of Marketing Communications,22(2), 189-214.

Long-Term SEO Strategies to Increase Sales on Amazon

Amazon provides an income stream for a variety of individuals and organizations, which is why Amazon product copywriters are in such high demand. However, as competition intensifies, sellers need to bring their best game to maximize Amazon rankings and sales. Creating compelling Amazon product descriptions is key, but success goes beyond good product description writing. Even on the world’s largest e-commerce website, sales can hit a glass ceiling. With around 120 million products available for purchase on Amazon, how do you ensure potential customers find your listing? The solution – whether you’re a company, sole trader, or a reseller – is to focus on Amazon SEO. In this post, we’ll look at why Amazon SEO matters, what you should do to increase your Amazon rankings, and how to use these strategies to increase sales. Why Does SEO Affect Amazon Sales? When thinking of SEO, we often think about ranking on Google. However, consumers are just as likely to be searching for your business and products on the Amazon platform. Like Google, Amazon uses its own algorithm – called A9 – to rank products according to various factors. So marketers can optimize their product listings to rank higher on Amazon, just as they would optimize their content for Google. And just like on Google, users are more likely to click on the first few search results. This is why your Amazon search rankings are so important. Unlike many Google users, searchers on Amazon are ready to buy. Understanding Amazon’s algorithm is, therefore, key to improving your visibility and increasing sales. Boosting the ranking of each product listing comes down to two things: How relevant your listing is to a search query. Product sales performance and the competitiveness of your product listing. If you can get these two things right, you’ll end up ranking higher and selling more, which further boosts your rankings. Five Tips to Improve Your Amazon Rankings So what exactly should you do to increase your Amazon rankings? Here are our five top tips for taking your Amazon game to the next level 1. Build a Writing Team No matter how good your product is, if your copy is weak you’re unlikely to show up on the first page of Amazon results. The words you use in the product title, description, and in backend search terms are critical to the sales performance of each listing. Let’s say you’re an affiliate selling regularly on AliExpress. You’ll need a continuous supply of product descriptions that are not only unique but also persuasive and SEO friendly. You could do this in-house, but it may not be the most efficient option. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, the average cost of hiring an in-house writer is over $7,000 per month. One of the most effective ways to ensure you can create a steady stream of product descriptions is to have a team of copywriters on hand. Constant Content has spent years building its database of freelance writers, including Amazon product copywriters. You can hire according to your content requirements, so it’s a scalable, affordable solution. We can also help you assemble a writing team and manage your workflow. 2. Research Keywords To boost your Amazon rankings for specific terms and capture more potential buyers, you need to do competitive research and keyword research. With the right keywords, shoppers will find your products more quickly and see you before the competition. Amazon relies on various factors to determine when your listing appears. Like Google SEO, you have to optimize content with search terms that your target audience are using. What exactly are searchers looking for? Your brand name, a specific product, or product features? These are the words you need to include at the beginning of your product title, in the product details section, and in your list of backend search terms. We’ll look at how to find the best keywords later on in this post. 3. Optimize Product Images Many marketers overlook the persuasive power of images. Good-looking, high-quality images are key to boosting Amazon rankings because they have a significant impact on conversion rates. Studies have shown that images can be even more influential than reviews, so you need to get them right. In short, if a customer sees a poor product image, they’re likely to conclude that the product or company is also poor quality. Images should be at least 1000 pixels in either width or height. The product should fill 85 percent of the frame. Product photos should have a pure white background. File formats must be JPEG, PNG, GIF, or TIFF. Don’t include text, borders, or logos. Check Amazon guidelines for the most up-to-date information and requirements for additional product images. 4. Maximize Positive Reviews The quantity and quality of your reviews is one of the most important ranking factors in the A9 algorithm. In particular, positive reviews are extremely beneficial. Look at any top listing on a search results page and you’ll see that it has a high number of reviews and also good ratings. Best-sellers in each category also get top billing. Encouraging customers to leave positive reviews will lead to more click-throughs from other shoppers and higher rankings. The way you respond to reviews also matters. Obviously, receiving more positive reviews depends on the quality of your products and your customer service, but there are ways to maximize customer engagement and get better feedback. We’ll go into some simple strategies later on. 5. Ensure Your Amazon Listings Rank Higher on Google Getting good rankings on Amazon is crucial, but it shouldn’t be your only objective. Many Amazon sellers aren’t even thinking about their rankings on Google, which is a missed opportunity that you can use to your advantage. Increasing your Google rankings for your product listings should attract even more traffic to your product pages. By optimizing your listings for Amazon and Google, you’ll greatly increase your chances of being seen by potential customers. Google is, after all, the largest search engine in the world. Strategies to Increase Sales and Conversions on Amazon So how can you use these tips in practice? Let’s look at each one in more detail. Building a Writing Team We’ve already explained the two options you face: either use in-house writers to create a consistent flow of Amazon product descriptions or outsource this type of content to a writing agency. Obviously, you need to weigh up the pros and cons of each. For example, does your team have the time to create a regular stream of product descriptions, or should they focus on other content marketing strategies? In the long run, it’s actually cheaper to hire writers on a project-by-project basis. By using a content platform such as Constant Content, you’ll have no recruiting or administration costs, you won’t need to train staff in the art of writing product descriptions, and you can scale up or down depending on your requirements. To get started, simply head over to our content request page and send out a request for Amazon product descriptions, describing your company, products, and any other information you want to convey. You can send out a public request, put out a casting call for product descriptions, or contact specific writers directly with a private request. Finding the Right Keywords to Increase Amazon Rankings If you want to succeed on the Amazon platform, you need to use the right keywords in your title, product description, and the backend keywords section. You can start your search for relevant terms using Google’s Keyword Planner. While 47 percent of online shoppers begin product searches on Amazon, around 35 percent still start their search on Google. So it would be a mistake for any e-commerce business to only focus on optimizing keywords for the Amazon platform. Google’s Keyword Planner will help you identify critical keywords that searchers are also likely to use on Amazon. In the tools section, you’ll find the keyword planner. Simply input your search terms and you’ll receive stats on how frequently the search terms are used on a monthly basis and how competitive they are. The next place to research keywords for free is on Amazon itself. Type your keywords into the Amazon search bar and keyword suggestions will pop up. How to Optimize Your Amazon Product Images There are various tricks you can use to ensure your images improve conversions. On Amazon, you can upload up to nine product images. If possible, use them all. Here are some ways to make your images more attractive and engaging to drive sales: Show your product from different perspectives so consumers can see the whole product. Show how the product is used in real life so that consumers can imagine themselves using it. Focus on the key features of the product. Show the product in its natural surroundings. For example, a couch looks more attractive in a cozy living room environment. Show the product with actual people to bring it to life. Provide important information. For example, if the product is a multi-pack of four, insert a small icon that says â€Å"4-Pack.† For smaller items, show its dimensions or relative size. For example, show it next to a pencil. This can also highlight how compact or well-designed it is. How to Get More Positive Reviews Amazon knows that searchers are more likely to click on listings with good reviews, so it gives products with higher average reviews more prominence in search results. Therefore, to maximize sales, you need more positive reviews. Don’t buy reviews; this could lead to having your account suspended. Instead, develop a process that encourages positive feedback: Be honest about what you’re selling. Giving precise information about each product will minimize false expectations. Email your customers and ask them how their experience was with your product. If they’re happy, politely ask for a review. Reach out to your social media followers. Most followers will already be fans, so why not ask them for reviews? Listen to feedback. If you receive a negative review, can the problem be fixed? Consider offering the customer a refund or replacement. Customers can remove reviews for up to 60 days after posting, so you have time to remedy the situation. How to Improve Google Rankings for Your Amazon Listings One way to get Google to notice your product page is to include a link on your website. Use Google Analytics to identify high-performing pages on your site. Which pages receive the most traffic and have low bounce rates? If these pages are relevant to your product, insert a link to your Amazon product listing. This will increase the chances of your product listing appearing in Google results, especially if the website has a high domain authority. Finally, try to incorporate more long-tail keywords in your product copy. Amazon’s search engine may not pick up on them, but there’s a good chance that Google will. With voice search and natural language queries becoming more popular, it will increase your chances of ranking for niche keyword phrases related to your product. Google also ranks for buying intent, meaning that search results adapt to search queries that are transactional in nature. For example, when searchers use words such as â€Å"buy,† â€Å"product,† or â€Å"order,† e-commerce product pages are more likely to rank higher. So try to include keywords in your copy that indicate buying intent. In Summary There are so many topics to cover when it comes to selling on Amazon that we can’t cover it all in one post. However, by now you should have a basic understanding of how Amazon SEO works. The main takeaway is that if you want to increase sales on Amazon, every listing needs to be optimized for conversions with rich, informative copy, attractive images, and relevant terms that are used by your target audience. And when your sales increase, so will your rankings. Remember, these strategies work best when they’re working together, so use them simultaneously and you should be well on your way to extra traffic, higher conversion rates, and more Amazon sales.

What Are Human Rights

What Are Human Rights One of the most peculiar aspects of a post-industrial living is that, as of today, just about every socially prominent politician in the West considers itself an ‘expert on human rights’ and refers the concept of human rights, as such that represents an objective truth-value.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Are Human Rights? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Partially, this can be explained by the fact that the classical definitions of human rights suggest the concept’s perceptual and implicational universality, which in turn implies that one’s endowment with a particular ‘human right’ should not be substantiated rationally, but rather ‘felt’ emotionally. As Cranston (1973, p. 36) pointed out, â€Å"A human right by definition is a universal moral right†¦ something of which no one may be deprived without a grave affront to justice, something which is owin g to every human being simply because he is human†. In fact, the belief that all humans are equally entitled to certain rights, within the society, served as a discursive foundation for the introduction of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the U.N., according to which, â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood† (UDHR 1948, Article 1). Nevertheless, even though that nowadays the concept of ‘human rights’ is being commonly discussed, as such that applies to all people, regardless of what happened to be the specifics of their ethno-cultural affiliation and their varying ability to act as the agents of progress, this is far from being the actual case. After all, it is not only that throughout the course of history, the concept of human rights has been referred to, as such that applies to only certain groups of individuals, but that the objective socio-political realities create dialectical prerequisites for this concept to be used by Western countries to justify their continual geopolitical domination in the world.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is exactly the reason why, as of today, we usually get to hear of people’s ‘human rights’ being abused, within the context of how Western countries (particularly the U.S.) go about rationalizing their decisions to resort to a military intervention, as the mean of ‘defending democracy’ in the de facto sovereign states. Therefore, there is nothing too surprising about the fact that, even though that the universality of people’s ‘human rights’ has been officially declared by the international community members, as far back as in 1948, there is very little uniformity to ho w this concept is being applied in practice. The reason for this is apparent – whereas, there is indeed a good rationale in thinking that the idea of ‘human rights’ does appeal to people on an unconscious level, not all of these people can be regarded humans, in the societal sense of this word. Let us explore the validity of this statement at length. When it comes to elaborating on what should be considered a discursively legitimate definition of ‘human rights’, it is important to understand that the concept in question cannot be referred to in terms of a ‘thing in itself’. That is, at first people evolved to the point of being able to recognize their basic humanity, and only then they realized themselves being in a position to coin the term ‘human rights’. What does make one human? It is the same that allowed the representatives of Homo Sapiens species to attain an undisputed dominance in their environmental niche, which no w accounts for the whole planet Earth – their ability to operate with highly abstract subject matters (intellect). Being endowed with intellect, people are able to act as the agents of civilization/progress, which in turn allows them to create societies and to ensure these societies’ effective functioning. Thus, in order for just about anyone to be considered eligible of taking a practical advantage of ‘human rights, he or she must be able to prove its humanness socially.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Are Human Rights? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, this would require the concerned individual to attest his or her endowment with, â€Å"1. Capacity to reason; 2. capacity to act for normative reasons, including moral reasons; 3. capacity to act autonomously; 4. capacity to engage in complex social relationships† (Bernat 2008, p. 8). In other words, it is specifically the individuals capable of pushing forward a socio-cultural progress, which may be considered human, in the full sense of this word. Hence, the first discursive provision to how I think the concept of ‘human rights’ should be defined – the notion of a ‘right’ derives out of the notion of a ‘power’, rather out of the notion of a ‘morality/ethics’. This is why it is wrong to believe that one can simply be assigned with certain rights, without qualifying to possess these rights, in the first place. Rights are not given but taken (Pagden 2003). This is the reason why it is methodologically fallacious to assume that animals or unborn human fetuses can have ‘rights’ – it is not only the above-mentioned may have no understanding, as to what the concept of a ‘right’ stands for, but they would never be able to defend any of their hypothetical ‘rights’, even in theory. The second provision is that the notion of a ‘right’ must be discussed in conjunction with the notion of an intellectual advancement. After all, it is specifically people’s ability to indulge in abstract philosophizing, which allowed them to coin up the term ‘humanity’, in the first place. This once again suggests that it is conceptually inappropriate advocating the universality of human rights, without taking into consideration the qualitative psychological characteristics of those individuals, to which the concept of ‘human rights’ supposedly applies. The third provision is that, contrary to what nowadays is being commonly assumed, the earlier mentioned concept (in its contemporary sounding) did not come about because of the humanity’s ways having been turned thoroughly ethical/moral.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rather, it emerged because the concept’s advocates, which overwhelmingly consist of Westerners (Whites), came to realize that, on order for them to be able to continue exploiting the world’s natural and human resources, they need to have a legally legitimate excuse to meddle in the internal affairs of non-Western countries. In other words, the objective laws of history naturally predetermined the concept of ‘human rights’ to serve realist rather than constructivist purposes. What has been said earlier allows us to formulate a discursively sound definition of human rights. Human rights are the legally enforced civil liberties, to which the members of most evolutionary advanced societies happened to be entitled by the very fact that, due to their socio-economic and technological advancement, they can enjoy the luxury of not having to participate in the tribal ‘war of everybody against everybody’, as the mean of ensuring their physical survival. This definition, of course, implies that there is indeed a good reason in limiting the ‘universality’ of humans rights to encompass only those, which due to the genetically predetermined specifics of their ‘mental wiring’, are able to comprehend the concept, in general, and its discursive implications, in particular. Qualifying people for the entitlement to human rights will not represent much of a challenge. Since one’s ability to function as the society’s productive member (and consequently, the extent of his or her ‘humanness’) reflects the concerned person’s rate of IQ, it will be logical to assume that it is only the individuals with the IQ rate higher than 70, to which the concept of ‘human rights’ applies. Given the fact that, as sociologists are being well aware of, in some world’s countries the average rate of citizens’ IQ is measured to be as low as 50 (Lynn Vanhanen 2002), people that reside in these countries cannot be considered the de facto part of humanity. Consequently, the concept of ‘human rights’ cannot apply to these people, by definition. Even though that the earlier suggestion may be deemed ‘racist’, it nevertheless correlates perfectly well with the actual state of affairs in the arena of international politics. For example, during the course of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, which resulted in the deaths of at least one million people, Western countries adopted a ‘neutral’ stance the violation of Rwandans’ ‘human rights’ did not concern these countries at all. Had Rwanda been rich in natural resources, this would have been an entirely different matter (Kimpimaki 2011). Thus, it would only be appropriate to conclude this paper by reinstating once again that the presumed ‘universality’ of human rights is nothing but a myth, just as it is being the case with the theoretical paradigm, ou t of which this myth originated – the assumption of people’s universal equality. This is the reason why, if not adjusted to the earlier mentioned provisions, the concept of ‘human rights’ will continue to emanate a strong spirit of hypocrisy. References Bernat, E 2008, ‘Which Beings Should Be Entitled to Human Rights?’, Medical Law International, vol. 9 no. 1, pp. 1-12. Cranston, M 1973, What are human rights?, Bodley Head, London. Kimpimaki, M 2011, ‘Genocide in Rwanda is it really Finlands concern?’, International Criminal Law Review, vol. 11 no. 1, pp. 155-176. Lynn, R Vanhanen, T 2002, IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Greenwood Publishing Group. Pagden, A 2003, ‘Human rights, natural rights, and Europes imperial legacy’, Political Theory, vol. 31 no. 2, pp. 171-199. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html

Take This Bread by Sara Miles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Take This Bread by Sara Miles - Essay Example The essence of all religious texts is-- help and do service to others. That is the greatest meritorious act. To cause intentional pain to others is the greatest act of sin. Sara Miles said thus, without actually saying! A true Christian is the one who has not only cross on the neck, but also Christ in the heart. Sara Miles prayed and performed. Prayer took the second place in the order of her religious priorities and service occupied the first place. â€Å"Hunger† is the word that set her thinking and energized her. When she converted to Christianity at the age of 46, she was not like a young girl/youth with impressionable mind, receptive to transplantation of new ideas. She was a tough individual, experienced in many facets of life, with strong leftist leanings, secular-intellectual, and by strict standards of Christianity and Church, not a fit candidate for conversion. But such ‘accidents’ do happen in life, and when it happened it opened for her new vistas of f orward thrust. ‘To feed people’ became, not her view of life, but the way of life. She was obsessed with the idea of feeding people. Did she create a special brand of her own type Christianity? The answer to this question is both yes and no. For no one born on this Planet Earth can interpret what the true Christian principles are. What is the exact import of the revelations of that realized soul, the son God; no one will ever be able to comprehend! Each one sees a new horizon and interprets the Christian principles from the level of one’s spiritual progression. No one knows what is the perfect truth related to Christianity. When perfect Christian discipline is not known, they carry on with the available discipline, thinking that it alone is the final truth about Christianity! Divinity and humanity are alternative beats of the same heart. If you have any doubt, study the book, not mere read the book, â€Å"Take this Bread† by Sara Miles. They (Divinity and humanity) must run together like the train that speeds on two parallel tracks. It is like the scale of justice. Both arms of the scale are important to strike the equilibrium. To give another comparison they are like the two banks of a river! Sara turned one piece of bread that she ate at communion into many tons of groceries and discovered the new mission for her life. She used the altar of the Church where she met her God, Jesus Christ for the purpose. Poorest parts of the country turned out to be her pilgrimage centers. Her struggle was not ordinary. She came into contact and had to interact with a heterogeneous section of the society, good, bad and worst. She writes, (2000, xii) â€Å"I had to struggle with my atheist family, my doubting friends, and the prejudices and traditions of my newfound church. I learned about the great American scandal of the politics of food, the economy of hunger, and the rules of money. I met thieves, child abusers, millionaires, day laborers, polit icians, schizophrenics, gangsters, and bishops—all blown into my life through the restless power of a call to feed people, widening that I thought as my â€Å"community† in ways that were exhilarating, confusing, and often scary.† It is better not to give than give with arrogance. In her search for ways and means to combat hunger she provides the above description of the types of people she encountered---all

Chick-Fil-A Marketing Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chick-Fil-A Marketing Report - Essay Example For instance, the restaurant’s hours of operation plan exclude Sundays. Aside from simply â€Å"doing business†, the company also does a lot of charity work through nonprofit organizations. Simply put, the Cathy family behind the business â€Å"puts [their] money where [their] faith is† and this certainly has a colossal effect on how business plans are made and their Some of Chick Fil-A’s most recent marketing plans include expansion to other regions – mainly the northeastern part – of the U.S. in order to furtheritsdevelopment in the market and to guarantee that the company stays a strong competitor among other chicken restaurants. Quite possibly the most interesting marketing plan that Chick Fil-A has introduced is Cow Appreciation Day, during which customers can arrive dressed like cows to receive free meals. Management: One of the greatest strengths of Chick-Fil-A’s management is that it carefully screens its new hires to ensure that these individuals are loyal to the brand and that they share the same beliefs as the Chick-Fil-A concept. Employees and managers alike have a reputation for being upbeat and extremely sensitive to the needs of guests, as evidenced by the 2nd mile initiative, which places extreme emphasis on â€Å"going the extra mile† for the guests. Weaknesses: Corporate office and policies can intrude into employees’ personal lives. Due to the strict nature of Chick-Fil-A’s hiring process, high quality potential candidates are often scared away from applying at Chick-Fil-A.Chick-Fil-A also steers clear of discounting and limited-time offers, which could be forgoing a significant amount of additional revenues. Marketing: Chick-Fil-A brands itself as a wholesome entity with Christian and family values, and has been very successful in that respect. Fewer than 5% of owner/operators leave the

Automobile and Cycling Essay Example for Free

Automobile and Cycling Essay Cycling is one of the oldest means of transport. Inventing bicycles was an enormous step in the history of transportation. Bicycles didn’t need horses or wains as a result transportation became much simpler and cheaper. Moreover the previously smelly and dirty towns turned into healthier and cleaner places. Nowadays, however, when there are several faster ways of travelling, is there any reason to ride a bicycle? Although in our more technologically developed days bicycle are rather old-fashioned way of travelling, it has certain advantages. To begin with, bicycles are much cheaper than cars and motorcycles so that a lot of people can afford to buy them. Moreover, cycling is a great, physically demanding sport. As a result it could be an essential part of a healthy lifestyle or even a balanced diet. If people used it only for go to work or school it would provide them enough movement to avoid weight problems. Finally cycling is very environmentally friendly because it doesn’t need fuel or electricity. On the other hand cycling as a mean of transport does have its disadvantages. It usually takes longer than other forms of travel. As a result it can be more tiring. In addition, riding a bicycle in the city can be a little unhealthy. Cities’ air is very polluted because cars and factories exhaust a lot fume and chemicals. Furthermore cycling can be dangerous also. In the heavy traffic violent and careless car drivers often cause accidents and if we aren’t enough careful we can easily get hurt. All things considered, although there are some disadvantages of cycling I believe it is healthier and more enjoyable than driving a car. It can be dangerous but it is a perfect method to keep ourselves fit. Furthermore, in our crowded cities travelling by bicycle often the fastest way to reach our destination.

Reduced Poaching Incidents due to Increased Poaching Laws :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Reduced Poaching Incidents due to Increased Poaching Laws While driving down and old dump road, Curly, as we will call him, spotted some deer just off the road. Slowing down he realized that the few deer that he had seen were all exceptionally fine bucks. Driving off he ponders whether he should go back and take these exceptional deer. Screech!!!! He flipped a 180 and headed back. Arriving back he picks out the nicest one of the bunch and reaches for his gun. Resting the gun in the door, he takes aim and shoots. The deer falls and the rest run for fear of being shot too. Curly pulls away knowing he had just taken a very fine deer. Later that night Curly returned with his friend Moe, his name for the time being, to retrieve the antlers from the deer he had shot earlier. They both exit the vehicle and walk over to the deer. Taking the saw, they slowly cut off the horns. About two months later the two boys were stopped by a wildlife official and were questioned about the shooting. They told the truth and now they both face huge fines, communit y service, possible jail time and felony charges. Poaching has been done ever since the first regular hunting season was formed. Most at that time poached to stay alive by using the meat and hides. In the present day some people still poach just to stay alive but the main concern is the taking of trophy size animals. The horns of and big buck or bull sell for exceptionally high prices. This is a big concern for the animals and for the people who depend on their existence for survival. Colorado has had one of the biggest problems with poaching. Well, they did for a while. Since a magnificent bull elk named Sampson was killed in Estes Park in the 1990's, Colorado has increased laws on poaching a great deal (Taking aim). This incident gave hunting a new name. People began to believe that hunters were only killing to "stuff a trophy" or "get a wall hanger" (Taking aim). The Sampson Law Some people think that those who poach have their own rights because the game is on their property or they are in need. In some cases this is true, but only to a certain extent. They state that if the person who owns the property stocks the lake or creek, or has problems with excessive game animals on his or her property, then this will fall into play.

Hcl marketing stratergies

Later there was limited choice for mostly products and companies didn't have to put much efforts to sale their product. But today's scenario is totally different. Consumers have choice because of availability of varieties and options. We can say today's consumer is the king of market. So it is important to know his buying behavior and try to fulfill his demand. Company's aim should be customer delight not costumer satisfaction. The purpose of this dissertation project is to know the marketing strategies which HOC Manifestoes Ltd. Sees to become the market leader in the field of Personal Computers and Different marketing strategies adopted by HOC to compete with others. HOC Manifestoes how much is fulfilling the customer needs and try to sale the maximum of personal computer This dissertation report making was really good learning period for me. I got opportunity to know the theoretical knowledge related to marketing strategies. This dissertation report is part of course of PAGE progr am, which is set by CACTI, and it is necessary for every student to under go for dissertation project.This project report is also made for submission to Institute of Management Education, Sahib's. Sustains including in this report are research methodology, analysis of activities, conclusion and bearing from this project Bibliography is also given in last to know from where information has been taken to complete this project. I hope this project will serve the purpose. IT HARDWARE INDUSTRY: AN INTRODUCTION The Indian IT industry is, undoubtedly, a shining Jewel in the country crown. The achievements of our IT companies have earned us the respect of the most developed nations of the world.The skills, ingenuity, dedication and drive of our young IT professionals is acknowledged worldwide. Today, there will hardly be a company of any stature anywhere in the globe where Indian IT professionals are not making a stellar contribution. However, most of the growth in IT has been in the softwa re services and support segment. I do believe that if we are going to continue our thrust and growth in the IT industry, it is imperative that we develop a robust hardware industry and emerge as an important destination for high end product development.While software development has been the more visible face of our IT industry, we cannot deny the fact that ultimately it is ‘hardware' that runs the ‘software'. While ‘hardware' is of no use without software, the converse is also equally true. The development of a vibrant ‘hardware' industry in India has been lagging behind on account of various factors. The underlying fact is simple. Unless companies are able to manufacture products that can compete with the world's best in quality and unless they manufacture in volumes that make them cost efficient and globally competitive, they will not survive.A major bottleneck in the development of the ‘hardware' industry has been the lack of a strong local componen t industry. It is my humble suggestion that the government, both at national and state levels do everything in their power to promote such industries so that by the end of this decade, we can have a strong and world-class component industry. Sure, we have a long way to go to catch up with Taiwan or China or even Malaysia, but I believe with the right encouragement we can develop a strong ‘hardware' industry. I must make a point here about the viability of ‘hardware' as an industry in India.It is a myth that the ‘hardware' business is not profitable. This point of view has been largely perpetrated on account of the large number of players who made half hearted or weak attempts to enter this business. To be a success in the hardware business requires both vision and grit. I often give the example of my own company D-Link (India) which, starting out as a small manufacturer of modems has grown to become a RSI. Billion company with a product range that extends from mode ms to routers. But success has not come easy.We have made massive investments in both plant and people and have spared no effort in getting the best of equipment and talent. More importantly, we have set up a strong R&D backbone to support our manufacturing. Which brings me to the next point: the importance of R&D? Technology in the IT space changes very rapidly. Technological obsolescence is not just a ‘click'- it has thrown strong companies out of business. In this scenario, the importance of R&D can hardly be overemphasized. It is vital that those who venture onto ‘hardware' industry are seized of this fact.Only through strong R&D can manufacturers ensure continuous product improvements and keep their offerings truly ‘state-of-the-art'. Over a period of time, with a strong R&D base, Indian companies can look forward to developing innovative products and own Intellectual Property Rights (par's) on such products. I dream of the day, and I believe it's not too far away, when technology for products developed by Indian companies would be licensed to global manufacturers as well as innovative products manufactured by Indian companies would be available worldwide.The state of our hardware industry and R&D infrastructure is quite the same as that of the software industry a couple of decades ago. Visionaries like Unmannerly and Skim Preemie have shown that we have the potential to achieve global stature in a business. Extending our sights a little further, we have seen how a Armband or Dry. Redder have got recognition for Indian R&D in the Pharmacy industry. There is no reason, therefore, why we can't develop a strong R base in the IT industry as well.The development of a strong hardware industry base would also go a long way in increasing the IT penetration in our country, which is still very low. I do believe that we have all the elements to become a significant player in both IT hardware as well as R. As IT penetration increases, as organizatio ns across the country network, as we build more robust IT backbones in various spheres of our activity, we will need more and more hardware. Rather than be totally dependent on imports, we need to have a thriving component and hardware industry backed by strong R.Along with our strength in software services, it will provide another cornerstone towards India truly becoming a global IT superpower. India a Global IT Super Power The Indian computer hardware industry has growing at a rate of over 30 per cent annually for the past few years and this pace is expected to be maintained until 2005. As the first table above shows, domestic manufacture has been increasing, but so also have imports. The locally manufactured computers cater to low-end applications while the imported computers continue to facilitate CAD, CAM, CASE, multi-media, and other high-end applications.Indian computer hardware and peripherals industry segments are dominated by U. S. Joint ventures and suppliers. IBM in coll aboration with Tats, Hewlett Packard in association with HOC Limited, Digital Equipment Corporation with Hindsight Group, Silicon Graphics with Tats, Oust to mention four major Joint ventures) manufacture computer hardware for the domestic and export markets. Compact, Silicon Graphics, and Dell have opened offices to sell their computers in India. Sun Microsystems and Apple distribute their products through Wiper Information Technology Limited.Most business firms in India have not computerized. Many of those who have, still use outdated products such as dot-matrix printers instead of laser and ink-Jet printers. As more and more international companies set up office in India, the demand for hardware will increase. The growing awareness of the case to shed fat in the public sector will call for more automated operations; this too will generate demand for computers. The prospects for both exports to, and investment in, this sector are excellent.IT hardware manufacturing in India is a c lassic case of the chicken and egg syndrome. Should we wait for the market to grow to high volumes that Justify creating a manufacturing base in India, or should we Just kick-start manufacturing so that prices then come down and thereby create volumes? The debate has raged on long enough and no consensus seems to be emerging. Rather, things took a turn for the worse with recent years witnessing a perceptible decline in manufacturing activity.Therefore, when a recent MATT study, conducted Jointly with Big Five firm Ernst & Young, concluded that the Indian hardware industry had the potential to reach a size of $62 billion by 2010, it not only raised many an eyebrow, but derisive laughter from skeptics. Sample some salient conclusions of the study which paint a rosy future for India Hardware Inc: By 2010, the Indian hardware industry has the potential to grow to twelve times its existing market size, with the domestic market counting for $37 billion and exports accounting for another $ 37 billion.The study has identified major export opportunities in the areas of innovative new devices, contract manufacturing and design services. The study says that component exports offers an opportunity worth $5 billion, while that of design and related services in embedded systems and wireless telecommunication services can bring in another $7 billion by 2010. Further, ambitious projections have been made in the area of contract manufacturing, which represents a $11 billion opportunity if India succeeds in capturing a share of only 2. Percent of the global pie by 2010. Though the rosy projections look good on paper, is this growth really possible?Skeptics deride the study as an attempt by the hardware industry to copy its software counterpart, which has been tom-timing Mascot and Muckiness's projection of $87 billion in software revenues by 2008. MATT officials are however quite upbeat. Says Avian Deckhands, president of MATT, â€Å"There are four key steps which we need to ta ke to make India a manufacturing-friendly country. Firstly, market India as a hardware destination and build a brand akin to software. Making India manufacturing-friendly through improvements in infrastructure and logistics should follow this.We should also emphasis on design and innovation through the development of Indian solutions for Indian needs. All these initiatives need to be backed up by the government with adequate funds. † The bright side For a country whose economy is so heavily dependent on agriculture, a vibrant hardware industry has the potential to generate three million Jobs, especially for Indians who come from economically underprivileged sections, who aren't very highly educated. So, in the words of Deckhands, the hardware industry can be some sort of a panacea for Indian's unemployment problem.Also, with the size of the contract manufacturing industry expected to be over $500 billion by the year 2010, Indian firms could grab a significant chunk of the pie in a manner pretty similar to Indian's emergence as a key player in the global BOP stakes. And, with a potentially huge market in embedded systems emerging, Indian firms with the right mix of hardware and software can be big players here. For the record, of all the high-end processors produced in the world, only 6 percent are used in PC's and the remaining 94 percent are used in entertainment electronics, non-PC devices, communication products and embedded electronics.The hardware revolution is also essential for the continued high growth of the software industry. As Vine Meta, director of MATT, puts it: â€Å"India can lose out on the software advantage it has already built up, and the future potential, if it does not concentrate on the hardware front. For example, the estimated domestic hardware requirement by 2008 to meet the software target of $87 billion is $160 million. † And now the problems But before India Inc. Can go into ballistic mode on the hardware front, there are lots of serious issues that need to be addressed.Issues like lack of local availability of input raw material, ever changing government policies, inconsistent sales tax structures in different states, high interest rates, customs duties on capital goods, poor infrastructure, inordinately long and variable transit times all add to uncertainty, delays and increased costs. Something that hardware manufacturers dread. Explains Mango Church, country manager-manufacturing, IBM India, â€Å"Everyone in India cribs about duty, but even China has a similar duty structure.The main reason why companies prefer to locate their manufacturing operations in China is because customs processing in China is much faster. Here, even after a manufacturer's raw material arrives at a port it might take another month or so before the goods reach his factory. In the fast changing world of technology, that's virtually suicidal for companies into hardware manufacturing. Besides, labor laws in China are al so very flexible. In India, laments Raja Sara, chairman and managing director of Zenith Computers, there are a lot of restrictions for the hardware industry. The software industry has grown in leaps and bounds simply because there have been no restrictions. On the other hand, even if I do manufacture in an SEE in India, I Anton sell my products in the domestic market. The government says everything should be exported. But it should realism that the industry will always flock to an area where there are least restrictions. † The government can also take a cue from the fact that if the industry is allowed to grow to three times the size it currently is today, it can earn more tax from its revenues.The manufacturing industry in India also suffers from a lack of proper environmental standards. With environmental concerns mainly ignored or casually overlooked by Indian corporate, Macs desist from setting p manufacturing bases here since there is no compliance with ISO 14000 standard s, which deal with environmental issues. On the design front too, there are lots of opportunities left to be explored. Design exports are a $7 billion opportunity in areas like embedded systems and wireless telecommunications.While Indian firms do some work on hardware design exports, many unfortunately show this as software exports to avoid tax. Fact is, some experts say a robust design sector could play a huge role in bringing down PC prices too a significant reason why PC penetration remains low in India. For example, on a CPU that costs $150, the material cost is not even $4. Adds Deckhands, â€Å"If we can get a design, like say a PI, made either by ourselves or if we can get the government to buy out a design and start manufacturing here, this would bring costs down substantially in PC's. The silver lining The Indian hardware industry could learn a thing or two from the Taiwanese hardware industry, where companies started off as component assemblers some years ago. Today, the same firms are world leaders, and in fact outsource their manufacturing designs to other countries. A majority of Taiwanese firms are now original manufacturers of chippies. Another instance that could inspire companies to set up local manufacturing bases is the example of D-Link. D-Link is one of the very few hardware companies in India that does local manufacturing.Recently, the company tied up with Taiwan-based Gigabyte Technology to manufacture and market motherboards locally. D-Link will manufacture approximately 30,000 motherboards per month. Besides giving D-link a key advantage in terms of technology, it also means utilization of D-Links manufacturing facilities. The cost savings per motherboard when manufactured here works out to be approximately $5. Hence, if illume are huge, it does makes sense to outsource contract manufacturing to India.And for skeptics who doubt the quality of Indian products, Ram Augural, managing director, Wiper peripherals has a ready answer, †Å"Doubting Thomas who keep on questioning the quality of Indian products should know that Legend computers, the largest maker of PC's in China, buys network interface cards from India. † Going forward, if the government and the hardware industry proactively decide to work together and solve issues rather than have one hand clamoring for duty concessions, and the other avoiding issues, the Indian hardware industry could finitely go the software way-as MATT and Ernst & Young have said.The only question to ask is whether the government and the industry are up to it. Around the world, enterprise IT spend has been on the decline. The economic downturn coupled with inconsiderate or unplanned spending on IT in the last decade, has contributed to all this. So what is the scenario in India? As per last year's survey (IS 2002-?June issue of Network Magazine), Close had committed to spend an average of RSI 554 Lack on IT-related investments. This spending was more or less equal to what t hey had spent in the previous year (2001-2002). So, did Indian enterprises spend that amount?As per this year's survey, the average amount spent on IT was only RSI 468 Lack. This implies there has indeed been a decline in IT spending. Close did not fully utilize the amount they had budgeted for IT related projects. The largest spenders in 2002-03 were BIFFS, Telecoms/ IT/TIES, and Gobo. /US. The average amounts spent were RSI 1109 Lakes, RSI. 954 Lack, and RSI 649 Lack respectively. All other industry verticals show modest spends. Technology is a key component for BIFFS and Telecoms/let/lets verticals. This explains why spending on IT is high in these sectors.Also, nationalized banks have been spending substantial amounts on computerizing. Us have traditionally been big spenders, given the need to link distant locations. And with various state governments and quasi-government institutions pushing initiatives like e-governance, technology has been of high-priority here too. So, which were the technology verticals that received a maximum chunk of the shrunken IT budget? 68 percent Close said they invested in Bandwidth/connectivity last year. 64 percent in Enterprise hardware procurement, and 48 percent in Enterprise packaged software.Security comes fourth with 47 percent having invested in this area. More or less ? We were keen to find out the number of Close who had spent more than the amount budgeted. Nearly 60 percent said they had spent the exact amount budgeted for IT in 2002-03. 20 percent said they had spent less, while only 1 5 percent claimed to have spent more than the amount budgeted. A majority of those who had spent less than the amount budgeted are from large-sized companies (turnover exceeding RSI. 500 scores). Nearly 22 percent large-sized companies spend less on IT.The reason Enid this is obvious: Most of the large-sized companies already have sizable investments in IT when it comes to automating back-end and front-end processes. In this particu lar case, the reasoning was to build a buffer within the IT budget, to provision for any last minute or unforeseen procurement/maintenance costs that may arise. Even in the case of leading IT spenders like BIFFS, Telecoms/ IT/TIES, Gobo. / Us, more than one-fifth of companies have spent less than the amount budgeted, indicating a slowdown in IT spending.On the rise again The IT spend in 2003-04 is on the rise again, albeit slowly. This year companies plan to spend on an average RSI 493 Lack, indicating a 5 percent increase in IT spending. The major spenders are again the BIFFS, Telecoms/ IT/TIES, and Gobo. / US verticals. The BIFFS vertical is registering significant spends; their average budget has climbed from RSI 1109 Lack in 2003-04, to RSI 1310 Lack in 2004-05. In Telecoms/let/lets and Gobo. / US, both major spenders last year, the allotted budget is same when compared with last year.In almost all other verticals, companies are registering a small increase in the budget allotte d for IT. In terms of turnover, IT spending in medium-sized impasse is expected to grow by 20 percent, while in large organizations the IT budget may actually shrink by 11 percent. What technology? This brings us to our next question: Which technologies are companies investing in? The top areas of IT spend, in terms of technologies, are: Bandwidth/connectivity (57 percent plan to invest), Enterprise hardware (55 percent), Storage (46 percent), and Security (46 percent).Both Storage and Security are clearly gaining prominence in the BIFFS sector where information security and availability is critical. The Indian IT and Electronics market in 2003-04 was worth SIS$ 20. 3 billion of which SIS$ 12. 7 billion consisted of software. Electronics and IT hardware production stood at SIS$ 7. 93 billion. Some 3,500 units are engaged in electronics production manufacturing goods as diverse as TV tubes, test and measuring instruments, medical electronics equipment, analytical and special applicat ion instruments, process control equipment, power electronics equipment, office equipment, components etc.Market researcher DC estimates that the market-value estimate over next 3 years for hardware products is RSI. 75,OHO scores. The Indian electronics and hardware industry as been lagging behind the impressive performance of the software sector. Most of the hardware requirements of the burgeoning software and telecoms sectors are met by imports which are about 25%. The Ministry of Information Technology, Gobo. Of India has estimated that the total requirement of hardware and components by 2008 would be in range of SIS$ 160 billion and the investment required in the manufacturing facilities would be US$ 16 billion.MASCOT, the leading IT industry body estimates that to achieve a software export target of SIS$ 87 billion in 2008, the hardware requirement would be US$ 50 billion. By far the most comprehensive study was carried out by Ernst & Young in association with MATT, the hardwar e industry body in 2002. It estimates that given the right incentives, Indian's electronic hardware industry has the potential to reach SIS$ 62 billion by 2010, twelve times its existing size with the domestic market accounting for SIS$ 37 billion and exports of SIS$ 25 billion.The major export opportunities would be in the area of innovative new products, contract manufacturing and design services. This shows that there are large opportunities for Indian companies to increase their strength and grave these opportunities for future growth. HOC Manifestoes Ltd is one of those companies which are working to increase their network and making innovative new products. HOC Manifestoes Ltd. Is currently engaged in selling manufactured hardware (like PC's, servers, monitors and peripherals) and traded hardware (like notebooks, peripherals) to institutional clients as well as retail channel partners.Besides, it offers hardware support services to existing clients through annual maintenance c ontracts, net work consulting and facilities management. In 2003-04, He's total hardware turnover was RSI. 12. 97 billion, higher by around 24% veer the corresponding fugue for 2002-03. Of this, manufactured hardware constituted 60%, traded hardware 32% and hardware support services 9%. The company's reported operating margins in 2003-04 (including six months of OH, telecommunication and software businesses) increased to 6. 7% from 5. 9% in 2001-02, primarily because of better margins in hardware.While average material costs declined in 2003-04, the company was able to retain a part of the margins in its product realizations. Better margins in hardware resulted in the return on capital employed (RACE) from hardware increasing from 1 1. 9% in 2002-03 to 25. % in 2003-04. In the domestic home PC organized sector, HOC Manifestoes is the market leader. Other players include Zenith Computers, MM, Sun Microsystems, Wiper, Hewlett Packard. Assembled personal computers have a large presence in the domestic home PC market, accounting for a chunk of the total sales.The overall market for desktop personal computers registered a 28. 2 percent growth during calendar year 2004 as compared to the previous year. What is significant is that branded PC's continue to make impressive gains against the gray market. According to DC, the share of branded PC's grew from 36. Percent in 2004 to 49. 2 percent in 2005, registering an impressive growth rate of 74. 3 percent. Interestingly, the gray market remained flat, registering a growth of 2. 2 percent, while the total desktop PC market registered a growth of 28. 2 percent.According to DC, the recent re-surfacing of finance-based purchase options had an accelerating effect on the consumer desktop market, which is already witnessing a consistent drop in end-user prices for both the branded and unbranded PC segments. Among the vendors, HOC Manifestoes emerged as the market leader with a share of 13. 7 percent. The company registered a 9 1. Percent growth during 2004 as compared to the previous year. HP followed HOC with a market share of 1 1. 9 percent. HP too grew at a blistering pace registering a growth rate of 73. 03 percent.IBM is in the third place with a market share of 6. 2 percent. DC is not the only research firm confirming the signs of robust growth. Gardner, in a recent report, states that the Indian desktop market grew by 31. 5 percent in 2005. Says Viand Nair, Analyst, Computing Systems, Gardner India, â€Å"Peaking business confidence based on strong economic growth catcalled PC purchases in both consumer and corporate segments throughout 2005. † While every research firm has given different figures, one thing is common-the PC market is booming at double-digit growth rates.MATT (Manufacturers Association of Information Technology) estimates that the desktop PC market grossed 17. 1 lakes units in the first half of fiscal 2004-05, registering a growth of 37 percent over the same period of the pr evious fiscal. With the Indian economy booming, MATT estimates that PC sales will touch the 40 lakes mark in fiscal 2004-05. The buoyancy in PC sales can be attributed to increased consumption by traditional industry verticals such as telecoms, banking, financial services and insurance, BOP, manufacturing and government.Consumption also increased in non-traditional sectors such as education, retail outlets and self-employed professionals. In future, He's hardware sales to the institutional segment are likely to remain stable, with sustained hardware spending by all the verticals, especially the banking and financial services sector. Besides, in retail hardware sales, a continued reduction of price points, facilitated in part by the recent reduction in excise duties on PC's,